History of
the Twin Rivers
The Nashville District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was formed in
Nashville, Tennessee, on August 18, 1888. Army Special Order No. 191
directed, on that date, Colonel John W. Barlow to move the District
headquarters from Chattanooga to Nashville, forming the Nashville District.
From the
beginning of commercial navigation on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
until the Civil War, little effort was made to improve the waterways.
Efforts were stimulated by a booming steamboat trade which
developed after 1820.
Several Towns along the
Cumberland to include Dover, Clarksville, Nashville, and Smithland, KY
became steamboat construction centers.
The Steamboat
era launched an economic revolution. By 1824, a dozen steamboats were
carrying tobacco, hemp, and cotton down the Cumberland. There was
a down side to this though. Gruesome steamboat accidents, so common on the
inland waterways, occurred frequently on the Cumberland.
In their
natural state, the twin rivers were practically impassable at the lowest
water levels, strewn with rocky shoals, rapids, and sand and gravel bars,
making Navigation extremely perilous. Wooden hulls were easily damaged,
and after accidents, boatmen could usually only salvage the damaged cargo.
In April of
1824, Congress passed the General Survey Act, charging the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers to prepare surveys, plans, and estimates to improve channels.
Then, in May
1824, the first Rivers and Harbors Act was passed. It provided for the
improvement of navigation by removing snags, old sand bars, and the
clearance of timber from the banks. -- From this date on, THE U.S. ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS was given the mission of keeping the rivers navigable.
When Congress
enacted the first appropriation bill for the improvement of the Cumberland
River in 1832, Captains Henry Shreve and Richard Delafield were ordered to
examine the river from its mouth to Nashville and devise a plan for its
improvement.
During the
period of 1833 to 1834, workmen cleared the banks of the Cumberland of trees
and driftwood from Nashville down to Camp Rowdy (near the present site of
Barkley Dam), in Kentucky and raised a number of wrecked boats from the
channel. Rock obstacles were blasted from the channel small wing dams were
constructed at the shoals to aid navigation.
During the
period of 1832 to 1838, Congress appropriated an additional $100,000 for the
improvement of navigation on the Cumberland River below Nashville.
Steamboats no longer had to transfer cargo and passengers to smaller boats
at Smithland, KY but instead, could steam all the way to Nashville.
In 1867,
Congress directed a survey of the Tennessee River from Chattanooga, TN to
Paducah, KY. The Engineer Survey party report became the basis for improving
the river. It emphasized the importance of the coal traffic and the need
for removing obstacles in the channel that wrecked an average of 12 out of
every 40 barges descending the river.
In 1871, The
District Engineer proposed to rebuild and enlarge the old canal at Muscle
Shoals, AL, and build two additional canals. Construction began in 1875.
16 miles of canal was opened in 1890 and at the time this was the longest
steamboat canal in the U.S.
Canal
projects on the twin rivers contributed to the renewal of hope and revival
of trade and industry in the Tennessee and Cumberland River valleys after
the Civil War. Canals, however, were not the long-term solution to
navigational problems. For deep-draft vessels, the construction of locks
and dams would be required.
In 1887, the
District Engineer, Colonel John Barlow, prepared the designs for the first
lock and dam on the Cumberland River, right across from the Metro Center
Levee.
Prompted by requests from the
Cumberland River Commission, various legislators, and Vanderbilt University,
Army Special Order 191 was signed which directed Col. Barlow to open the
first Nashville District Office at 609 Broad Street.
This was the second time Col. Barlow had been stationed at Nashville, the
first being during the Civil War in 1864. With Confederate General John B.
Hood and his army closing in, Barlow arrived in Nashville on November 13,
1864 and immediately took charge of the defense of the city under General
Zealous B. Tower. Barlow directed elaborate fortifications around what was
then called the “depot of the west,” and successfully kept hood’s
Confederate forces at bay.
Lock and Dam
No.1, designed by Col. Barlow, created a pool for Nashville, the busiest
harbor on the Cumberland.
The last of
the 15 locks and dams built on the Cumberland for navigation was completed
in 1924. This established a six-foot minimum project depth for the
Cumberland River. At the end of the 1900's, river commerce on the
Cumberland and Tennessee River systems was dying. Railroads ended flatboat
and raft traffic on the waterways and curtailed steamboat traffic. River
traffic dropped down to less than ten boats per year. The last
commercially-operated steamboats were taken out of service in 1933.
Urgent needs
of World War I led to the construction of the world’s largest dam at the
time -- Wilson Lock and Dam near Florence, Alabama, on the Tennessee River.
Wilson opened
in June 1927. For the first time, our dams included hydropower. Wilson Dam
and powerhouse were then turned over to TVA in 1933, when that agency was
established.
Flooding on
the river remained a problem. Under the Flood Control Act of 1938, Corps
projects were given a third purpose – flood control.
Under this
Act, the Nashville District investigated six reservoir sites along the
Cumberland and its tributaries.
This led to
the choice of Wolf Creek Project in KY for immediate construction in 1941.
Congress also authorized construction of Center Hill and Dale Hollow Dams in
Tennessee.
Just three months after the Wolf Creek groundbreaking ceremony came the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of World War II for the U.S.
Congress directed that the construction of Wolf Creek Dam be expedited to
furnish power for southeastern war industries.
It was (and
is) one of the largest dams in the eastern United States. Wolf Creek was the
beginning of multi-purpose development in the Cumberland River Basin.
On the lower
Cumberland, commercial traffic was hindered by the size of the locks
constructed for steamboat traffic prior to 1924. In 1945, the District
proposed a nine-foot minimum channel depth and modern locks for the lower
Cumberland.
Construction
of Cheatham Dam began in 1950 and it was dedicated in 1954. That same year,
Congress approved construction of the Barkley Canal, connecting Kentucky
Lake and Barkley Lake. Barkley Lock opened to navigation in 1964 and the
Barkley project was dedicated in 1966.
That brings
us to today.
The District,
with a force of more than 800 employees, is responsible for directing all
water resources activities of the Corps throughout the Cumberland River
Basin, and navigation and regulatory matters in the Tennessee River Basin.
The District’s Construction and Operations program is spread throughout the
59,000 square mile area that touches on 7 states.
In the
Cumberland Basin, the Nashville District operates and maintains ten
multi-purpose projects for navigation, flood damage reduction, hydropower,
environmental stewardship, and recreation. Nine of these generate
hydroelectric power. The District has four navigation locks on the
Cumberland.
In a typical year, Nashville spends some $16 million for hydropower
Operation & Maintenance, yet during that same period about $32 million from
hydropower revenues are deposited into the U.S. Treasury.
Last year, the District spent $9.8 million for recreation and natural
resources management, with 51 million visitors to our parks. The economic
impact from recreation at the District’s ten lake projects for the same year
brought $1.3 billion dollars to the local communities.
On the
Tennessee River Basin Nashville District works in partnership with TVA.
Physically located up and down the Tennessee River operating 15 navigation
locks at 11 locations, two project offices, regulatory offices and a repair
station, the District carries out regulatory activities, streambank
protection, flood control, and operation and maintenance of all navigation
facilities and the channel.
